Well, I have good news and bad news. The good news is, I've had exactly the same problem so I'm pretty sure I know what's wrong. The bad news is, I know what's wrong.
What's broken are the locking tabs on the 2nd/3rd pinion gear (Part #: 4NK-17121-01-00) in your tranny. They interlock with the 5th pinion gear, and I had all 3 shear off, likely what's happened to you as well. I had exactly the same "false neutral" on my final ride last year. The gear that broke is not part of the recall, so it's nothing to go back to Yamaha with.
The fix... pull the motor, split it right down the middle, replace the broken gear and rebuild the motor. I had my mechanic cousin help me with all the work and it was definitely not a small project. I had the dealer estimate it out... over $1500 with parts & labour up here in Canada. We were able to do it for around $400-500. The problem is that it's not just the gear to replace, you have to replace all the gaskets etc... in rebuilding the motor. I found that it's more affordable to order the tranny recall kit (Part #:90891-10117-00) than ordering what you need separately. Also, if you are planning to do the work yourself,
check this out. It's a link to the PDF for the tranny recall sent out by Yamaha. It gives great directions on how to break the motor down and what's unnecessary to remove.
I'm almost certain what you're experiencing is what I did. The only problem, is that you have to rip the whole motor apart to find out.
If the bike definitely feels like it shifts past 4th into 5th, but you have no resistence, then you have the same problem as me. Please, feel free to ask me more on this as so far it seems you and I are the only ones on the clinic that have had this problem.